KEEP YOUR SKIN HEALTHY

KEEP YOUR SKIN HEALTHY

People say that beauty’s only skin deep; it’s what’s on the “inside” that counts. 

Our insides are certainly important, but skin is your first layer of defense against the outside world. 

Skin can also give important clues to your overall health. Learn to take good care of your skin, so your skin can keep taking good care of you. 

Tips for Healthy Skin

Wash up. 

Bathe in warm—not hot—water; use mild cleansers that don’t irritate; and wash gently—don’t scrub.

Block sun damage. 

Avoid intense sun exposure, use sunscreen, and wear protective clothing. Don’t use tanning beds or sunlamps. They emit the same harmful UV radiation as the sun.

Avoid dry skin. 

Drink plenty of water, and use gentle moisturizers, lotions, or creams.

Reduce stress. 

Stress can harm your skin and other body systems.

Get enough sleep. 

Experts recommend about 9 hours a night for teens and 7-8 hours for adults.

Speak up. 

Talk to your doctor if you notice any odd changes to your skin, like a rash or mole that changes size or color.

List of anatomy mnemonics

ROTATOR CUFF 

"Scooby Investigated The Mysterious Scene"

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres Minor

Subscapularis

BONES OF THE UPPER LIMBS 

How Rare U Cook Matar Paneer?

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpal bones

Metacarpal bones

Phalanges

(In order from proximal to distal)

BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS

"From Pennies To Fives They May Pay"

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges

(In order from proximal to distal)

CRANIAL BONES 

 "Fluffy Puppies On Every Third Street"

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Ethmoid

Temporal

Sphenoid

JOINT IN THE WRIST 

RIC "Rice Is Curing

Radiocarpal

Intercarpal

Carpometacarpal

SPINE

"Can The Ladies Stand Comfortably"

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

DUODENUM: LENGTHS OF PARTS 

"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered"

1st part: 2 inches

2nd part: 3 inches

3rd part: 4 inches

4th part: 1 inch

ENDOCRINE GLANDS 

The major glands of the endocrine system, excluding ovaries and testes: 

"T-A-P." (T2, A3, P4)

Thymus

Thyroid

Anterior pituitary

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Posterior pituitary

Parathyroid gland

Pancreas

Pineal

G.I. TRACT LAYERS (SIMPLIFIED) 

M.S.M.S 

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis propria

Serosa

KIDNEY FUNCTIONS 

A WET BED 

A – maintaining ACID-base balance

W – maintaining WATER balance

E – ELECTROLYTE balance

T – TOXIN removal

B – BLOOD Pressure control

E – making ERYTHROPOIETIN

D – Vitamin D metabolism

PLACENTA-CROSSING SUBSTANCES 

WANT My Hot Dog

Wastes

Antibodies

Nutrients

Teratogens

Microorganisms

Hormones, HIV

Drugs

Sperm: path through male reproductive system 

"My boyfriend's name is STEVE"

Seminiferous Tubules

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

SPINE 

Breakfast at 7:00--- 7 cervical vertebrae

Lunch at 12:00--- 12 thoracic vertebrae

Dinner at 5:00--- 5 lumbar vertebrae

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES 

FLAG TOP 

FSH

LH

ACTH

GH

TSH

MelanOcyte Stimulating Hormone

Prolactin

INCISION CARE DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS

An incision is a cut made in your skin during an operation. The edges of your incision may be held together with stitches, staples, skin glue or skin closure strips. A bandage called a “dressing” covers your incision. To prevent skin infections, keep your dressing clean and dry. Taking good care of your incision will help it heal more quickly. Caring for your incision involves cleaning your incision and changing your dressing. You will need: new bandages, a roll of medical tape, clean scissors, two pairs of disposable gloves, two clean, soft cloths or paper towels, a disposable plastic bag, and a waste basket. 

Keep these materials away from your incision to reduce your risk of infection.

Prepare Materials

Step One: Wash your hands with soap and water for 30-seconds and then dry them with a clean towel or paper towels. Clean hands are the best protection against spreading infection.

Step Two: Open a new bandage wrapper. Leave the bandage inside the wrapper and be careful not to touch it.

Step Three: Cut four pieces of tape and hang them from the edge of a nearby table or counter. The pieces of tape should be the same length as the old ones around your incision. 

Remove Old Dressing

Step One: Wash your hands again with soap and water, and then dry them.

Step Two: Put on disposable gloves.

Step Three: With one hand, press down gently on the skin next to the old tape around your incision. With the other hand, carefully peel away the old tape toward your incision.

Step Four: After loosening the tape, remove your old dressing. Do not remove any skin closure strips covering your incision. Let them fall off on their own in about 5 to 10 days. If your dressing sticks to your incision, don’t tear it off. Tearing it off may cause bleeding and delay healing. Moisten the dressing with warm water. Wait for a minute or two until you can easily remove it. Look at your old dressing after your remove it. If the dressing has a foul or sweet smell or it has yellow or greenish stain, call your healthcare provider.

Step Five: Place the old dressing in a disposable plastic bag.

Step Six: Remove the disposable gloves. Throw the gloves and the plastic bag containing your old dressing in the waste basket.

Clean the Incision

Clean your incision only if your healthcare provider says you should. Your healthcare provider may only want you change your dressing. Make sure you understand what your healthcare provider wants you to do, and be sure to call with questions or concerns.

Step One: Wash your hands with soap and water and dry them.

Step Two: Put on a new pair of disposable gloves.

Step Three: Always use a clean cloth, warm water, and if your healthcare provider says you can use a mild antibacterial soap. To gently remove dried material from the area around your incision, start with the areas nearest your incision and wipe outwards or away from the incision. Use a different part of the cloth each time you wipe your skin. When the cloth is dirty, use a new, clean cloth. Do not scrub or remove any scabs. Scabs protect your incision while it heals. Allow them to fall off on their own. Do not wipe or rub over stitches, staples, or skin closure strips. Unless your healthcare provider says you should, do not clean your incision with alcohol, iodine, or peroxide.

Step Four: Let your incision air dry. As it dries, check your incision for the following: stitches or staples that are out of place, the edges of your incision pulling open, bleeding around your incision, redness that extends more than one inch from your incision edges, increased skin warmth around your incision, swelling around your incision, foul or sweet smelling incision odor, or a white, yellow, or green discharge coming from your incision. Call your healthcare provider if you notice any of these changes. Unless your healthcare provider says you should, do not use ointment, lotion, or powder on your incision.

Step Five: Remove your disposable gloves and throw them in the waste basket.

Apply New Dressing

Step One: Wash your hands with soap and water and dry them.

Step Two: Put on a new pair of disposable gloves.

Step Three: Pick up a piece of gauze by one corner.

Do not touch the side that will be next to your incision. Carefully cover your incision with the gauze pad. You may need more than one gauze pad if fluid is still coming out of your incision. Hold the gauze pad in place with one hand and tape the gauze pad to your skin with the other hand. 

Make sure you seal all four edges of the dressing. If your skin is red from the tape on your old dressing, put the new tape on a different part of your skin. If your skin is swollen or has blisters, contact your healthcare provider. You may be allergic to the tape and need to try a different kind.

Step Four: Remove your gloves and put them into the waste basket.

Step Five: Wash your hands again with soap and water and dry them.

It’s normal to see mild redness and swelling around your incision edges or a clear or pinkish discharge; however, you should contact your healthcare provider if you notice any white, yellow, or green discharge coming from your incision, a foul or sweet incision odor, the shape of your incision changes, redness that extends more than one inch from your incision edges, increased warmth of the incision, and bleeding or swelling around your incision. 

Also, call your healthcare provider if you have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or a temperature of 101-degrees Fahrenheit or higher.

TEETH - CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE

As we all know teeth 🦷 are responsible for breaking down the food into smaller parts for ease in digestion process,

These are classified on the basis of  number of sets, shape, shape of cusp, type of attachment, So let’s see in detail, 

(1)  ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF SETS 

(a) Monophyodonts 

(Only 1 Set) 

Eg : Whale, protonema

(b) Diphyodonts 

( 2 Sets)

Eg : Man, Apes, Monkeys

(c)Polyphyodonts

( Many sets)

Eg : Fishes

(2) ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE OF TEETH,

(a) Homodonts 

all identical teeth. 

Eg: Fishes.

(b) Heterodonts 

Non identical set of teeth.

Eg : Humans

(3) ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE OF CUSP ( upper surface)

(a) Bunodont ( blunt surface) eg : Humans

(b) Secodent ( Pointy and Sharp) eg : Carnivores 

(c) Selenodent ( Criscent Shape) eg : Grazing Animals.

(d) Lophodent ( irregular) eg : Elephants 

(4) ON THE BASIS OF ATTACHMENT 

(a) Acrodent : Just simply attached or placed on the bones (Alveolar bone)

Eg : Amphibians, Fishes 

(b) Plurodont : Attached on one side only, ( loosely)

Eg : Most of the Reptiles 

(c) Thicodont : Deeply Placed. 

Eg : Humans, Crocodiles, Aligator 

STRUCTURE OF TOOTH 

Why Neanderthals go extinct.?

Neanderthals are our closest extinct human relatives. 

They lived in Eurasia about 200,000 to 30,000 years ago. Their appearance was similar to ours though they were shorter and stockier with angled cheekbones prominent brow ridges and wide noses they were perfectly evolved to survive the eternal winter of the Ice Age.

Initial discoveries of Neanderthals made them out to be savage cannibals but new evidence has been unearthed that has spiffed up the image of the Neanderthal people.

Like us they made tools, wore clothes, controlled fire, cared for their sick and buried their dead they also possess the same variant as us of the Fox p2 gene essential for language so they probably spoke, perhaps they even painted engraved on the walls of caves. So if the Neanderthals were such an intelligent well adapted species, then the Question is...

 

why did they go extinct?

A popular theory is that humans wiped them out. we had much more advanced tools and social systems. Humans also domesticated wolves which made them far superior hunters. 

Humans dominance for scarce resources at the end of the Ice Age could have pushed Neanderthals to extinction, perhaps it was a natural disaster that killed off the Neanderthals or climate change or a disease, Another emerging theory is that the Neanderthals never actually went extinct but instead inbreed with the larger human population.

There was roughly a 5,000 year period where both Neanderthals and humans lived in Eurasia together during this period there was in breeding between the two species the proof is in our DNA, In fact about 1.5 to 2.6 percent of the DNA of anyone outside Africa is of Neanderthal origin. Researchers think that 20% of the neanderthal genome is still found within humans so they never exactly went extinct instead their DNA just became part of the modern human genome.

 

So now that we know we have Neanderthal DNA coursing through our veins what exactly can we do with this information. Well it turns out that these Neanderthal can affect your personality. Psychologists have found that individuals with the higher level of the neanderthal genome have an aversion to strangers and are more prone to nervousness and anxiety. 

So basically the more Neanderthal you are the less social you are. This makes perfect sense since Neanderthals were much less social than humans. So the next time you're feeling antisocial at a party ask yourself is this a lame party or am I just being a Neanderthal. 

Artificial Kidney

Indian researcher Shiva Roy who work in the Department of bioengineering and therapeutic Sciences in the schools of pharmacy and medicine at UCSF. 

He is working on the development of an implantable by artificial kidney. 

Chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease as it's known affects over half a million people in this country. it's growing at about five to seven percent every year. 

It's growing because of the obesity, epidemic people who have chronic kidney failure need dialysis to survive unlike the native kidney. Dialysis does not provide all the other benefits that are required for help. 

So the people that have chronic kidney failure and are on dialysis are never healthy and if they will be implanted with artificial kidney that Shiva Roy is developing will provide most of the functions of a kidney transplant. 

This device will be implanted in your body and provide both the toxin removal as well as the biological activity that's required for help. 

The device consists of two basic Chambers, AHIMA filter basically filters the blood removes the toxins takes out excess water and all the excess salts in the cell bio reactor. 

He've got renal proximal tubules cells that basically reabsorb much of this water and salts back into the bloodstream. 

What they don't do is reabsorb the uremic toxins so toxins don't get back. 

The other function the cells do is to activate vitamin D and also some of the immunological protection that the kidney cells providing a healthy body. 

The excess water toxins are then passed through a port into the waste outlet which is connected to the bladder there are certainly challenges that he have had to overcome fundamentally. 

He've had to wait for the state-of-the-art in silicon nanotechnology to be able to provide as the membranes that is required for the device. 

The beauty of the silicon nanotechnology is that we can create super efficient filters.

The filters are so efficient that the device operates on blood pressure alone. 

The implantable version of the device will be the size of a small coffee cup. 

Unlike dialysis this device will provide continuous therapy 24/7. 

The patient will have complete freedom of mobility and in addition they will be able to avoid the challenges of transplants 

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING (CABG)

"A coronary artery is a artery that supplies blood to the heart"

A CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT or CABG is performed to improve circulation to the heart muscle in people with severe coronary artery Disease. 

In this procedure a healthy artery or vein from another part of the body is connected or grafted to the blocked coronary artery, the grafted artery or vein bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. one or more coronary arteries may be bypassed during a single operation. 

Before the surgery an intravenous line will be started and you may be given a medication to help you relax. 

CABG procedures are done under general anesthesia which will put you to sleep for the duration of the operation, a breathing tube will be inserted through your mouth and into your throat to help you breathe, a catheter will be placed in your bladder to drain your urine. 

Coronary artery bypass surgery generally takes three to six hours. 

During a conventional bypass surgery your surgeon begins by making an incision in the skin over your breastbone or sternum. he or she will then cut the sternum and move your ribcage in order to get to your heart. 

Throughout the procedure your circulatory system will be connected to a cardiopulmonary bypass pump or heart-lung machine this machine temporarily performs the functions of your heart and lungs during the surgery allowing your heart to be stopped while the surgeon sews the grafts into place. 

One of two blood vessels is typically used for the grafts. The internal thoracic artery in the chest or the saphenous vein in the leg, for the internal thoracic artery graft your surgeon will leave the upper end attached to the subclavian artery and divert the lower end from your chest wall to your coronary artery just beyond the blockage, your surgeon will then sew the graft into place, for the saphenous vein graft your surgeon will suture one end to the aorta and the other end to the narrowed artery just beyond the blockage with the grafts securely in place. 

your surgeon will use electrical signals to restore the heartbeat and attach a temporary pacemaker to the heart, once your heart is again beating normally the heart-lung machine will be disconnected your surgeon will wire the breastbone back together and suture the skin incision closed. A temporary drainage tube will be placed through the skin beneath the incision. 

Two other types of CABG procedures have recently been developed. 

off-pump and minimally invasive bypass surgery. 

Off-pump CABG is also called beating heart bypass grafting because the heart isn't stopped and a heart-lung machine isn't used instead a mechanical device is used to steady the part of the heart where grafting is being done. 

surgeons perform minimally invasive bypass procedures using specially designed instruments inserted through small incisions or ports in the chest. These procedures sometimes require a heart-lung machine, after surgery you will be taken to the intensive care unit the activity of your heart will be carefully monitored if necessary the pacing wires will be used to temporarily control your heart rate. 

The chest tube will remain in place to drain excess blood and air from the chest cavity. 

Once you can breathe on your own, your breathing tube will be removed and replaced with an oxygen mask the bladder catheter will remain in place as you recover over the next three to four days all of these devices will be gradually removed.

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