TEETH - CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE

As we all know teeth 🦷 are responsible for breaking down the food into smaller parts for ease in digestion process,

These are classified on the basis of  number of sets, shape, shape of cusp, type of attachment, So let’s see in detail, 

(1)  ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF SETS 

(a) Monophyodonts 

(Only 1 Set) 

Eg : Whale, protonema

(b) Diphyodonts 

( 2 Sets)

Eg : Man, Apes, Monkeys

(c)Polyphyodonts

( Many sets)

Eg : Fishes

(2) ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE OF TEETH,

(a) Homodonts 

all identical teeth. 

Eg: Fishes.

(b) Heterodonts 

Non identical set of teeth.

Eg : Humans

(3) ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE OF CUSP ( upper surface)

(a) Bunodont ( blunt surface) eg : Humans

(b) Secodent ( Pointy and Sharp) eg : Carnivores 

(c) Selenodent ( Criscent Shape) eg : Grazing Animals.

(d) Lophodent ( irregular) eg : Elephants 

(4) ON THE BASIS OF ATTACHMENT 

(a) Acrodent : Just simply attached or placed on the bones (Alveolar bone)

Eg : Amphibians, Fishes 

(b) Plurodont : Attached on one side only, ( loosely)

Eg : Most of the Reptiles 

(c) Thicodont : Deeply Placed. 

Eg : Humans, Crocodiles, Aligator 

STRUCTURE OF TOOTH 

Why Neanderthals go extinct.?

Neanderthals are our closest extinct human relatives. 

They lived in Eurasia about 200,000 to 30,000 years ago. Their appearance was similar to ours though they were shorter and stockier with angled cheekbones prominent brow ridges and wide noses they were perfectly evolved to survive the eternal winter of the Ice Age.

Initial discoveries of Neanderthals made them out to be savage cannibals but new evidence has been unearthed that has spiffed up the image of the Neanderthal people.

Like us they made tools, wore clothes, controlled fire, cared for their sick and buried their dead they also possess the same variant as us of the Fox p2 gene essential for language so they probably spoke, perhaps they even painted engraved on the walls of caves. So if the Neanderthals were such an intelligent well adapted species, then the Question is...

 

why did they go extinct?

A popular theory is that humans wiped them out. we had much more advanced tools and social systems. Humans also domesticated wolves which made them far superior hunters. 

Humans dominance for scarce resources at the end of the Ice Age could have pushed Neanderthals to extinction, perhaps it was a natural disaster that killed off the Neanderthals or climate change or a disease, Another emerging theory is that the Neanderthals never actually went extinct but instead inbreed with the larger human population.

There was roughly a 5,000 year period where both Neanderthals and humans lived in Eurasia together during this period there was in breeding between the two species the proof is in our DNA, In fact about 1.5 to 2.6 percent of the DNA of anyone outside Africa is of Neanderthal origin. Researchers think that 20% of the neanderthal genome is still found within humans so they never exactly went extinct instead their DNA just became part of the modern human genome.

 

So now that we know we have Neanderthal DNA coursing through our veins what exactly can we do with this information. Well it turns out that these Neanderthal can affect your personality. Psychologists have found that individuals with the higher level of the neanderthal genome have an aversion to strangers and are more prone to nervousness and anxiety. 

So basically the more Neanderthal you are the less social you are. This makes perfect sense since Neanderthals were much less social than humans. So the next time you're feeling antisocial at a party ask yourself is this a lame party or am I just being a Neanderthal. 

Artificial Kidney

Indian researcher Shiva Roy who work in the Department of bioengineering and therapeutic Sciences in the schools of pharmacy and medicine at UCSF. 

He is working on the development of an implantable by artificial kidney. 

Chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease as it's known affects over half a million people in this country. it's growing at about five to seven percent every year. 

It's growing because of the obesity, epidemic people who have chronic kidney failure need dialysis to survive unlike the native kidney. Dialysis does not provide all the other benefits that are required for help. 

So the people that have chronic kidney failure and are on dialysis are never healthy and if they will be implanted with artificial kidney that Shiva Roy is developing will provide most of the functions of a kidney transplant. 

This device will be implanted in your body and provide both the toxin removal as well as the biological activity that's required for help. 

The device consists of two basic Chambers, AHIMA filter basically filters the blood removes the toxins takes out excess water and all the excess salts in the cell bio reactor. 

He've got renal proximal tubules cells that basically reabsorb much of this water and salts back into the bloodstream. 

What they don't do is reabsorb the uremic toxins so toxins don't get back. 

The other function the cells do is to activate vitamin D and also some of the immunological protection that the kidney cells providing a healthy body. 

The excess water toxins are then passed through a port into the waste outlet which is connected to the bladder there are certainly challenges that he have had to overcome fundamentally. 

He've had to wait for the state-of-the-art in silicon nanotechnology to be able to provide as the membranes that is required for the device. 

The beauty of the silicon nanotechnology is that we can create super efficient filters.

The filters are so efficient that the device operates on blood pressure alone. 

The implantable version of the device will be the size of a small coffee cup. 

Unlike dialysis this device will provide continuous therapy 24/7. 

The patient will have complete freedom of mobility and in addition they will be able to avoid the challenges of transplants 

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING (CABG)

"A coronary artery is a artery that supplies blood to the heart"

A CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT or CABG is performed to improve circulation to the heart muscle in people with severe coronary artery Disease. 

In this procedure a healthy artery or vein from another part of the body is connected or grafted to the blocked coronary artery, the grafted artery or vein bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. one or more coronary arteries may be bypassed during a single operation. 

Before the surgery an intravenous line will be started and you may be given a medication to help you relax. 

CABG procedures are done under general anesthesia which will put you to sleep for the duration of the operation, a breathing tube will be inserted through your mouth and into your throat to help you breathe, a catheter will be placed in your bladder to drain your urine. 

Coronary artery bypass surgery generally takes three to six hours. 

During a conventional bypass surgery your surgeon begins by making an incision in the skin over your breastbone or sternum. he or she will then cut the sternum and move your ribcage in order to get to your heart. 

Throughout the procedure your circulatory system will be connected to a cardiopulmonary bypass pump or heart-lung machine this machine temporarily performs the functions of your heart and lungs during the surgery allowing your heart to be stopped while the surgeon sews the grafts into place. 

One of two blood vessels is typically used for the grafts. The internal thoracic artery in the chest or the saphenous vein in the leg, for the internal thoracic artery graft your surgeon will leave the upper end attached to the subclavian artery and divert the lower end from your chest wall to your coronary artery just beyond the blockage, your surgeon will then sew the graft into place, for the saphenous vein graft your surgeon will suture one end to the aorta and the other end to the narrowed artery just beyond the blockage with the grafts securely in place. 

your surgeon will use electrical signals to restore the heartbeat and attach a temporary pacemaker to the heart, once your heart is again beating normally the heart-lung machine will be disconnected your surgeon will wire the breastbone back together and suture the skin incision closed. A temporary drainage tube will be placed through the skin beneath the incision. 

Two other types of CABG procedures have recently been developed. 

off-pump and minimally invasive bypass surgery. 

Off-pump CABG is also called beating heart bypass grafting because the heart isn't stopped and a heart-lung machine isn't used instead a mechanical device is used to steady the part of the heart where grafting is being done. 

surgeons perform minimally invasive bypass procedures using specially designed instruments inserted through small incisions or ports in the chest. These procedures sometimes require a heart-lung machine, after surgery you will be taken to the intensive care unit the activity of your heart will be carefully monitored if necessary the pacing wires will be used to temporarily control your heart rate. 

The chest tube will remain in place to drain excess blood and air from the chest cavity. 

Once you can breathe on your own, your breathing tube will be removed and replaced with an oxygen mask the bladder catheter will remain in place as you recover over the next three to four days all of these devices will be gradually removed.

Click here to join me on YouTube

Artificial heart

Artificial hearts sound like science fiction or like a Sci fi movie, but they’ve actually been in clinical use to help end-stage heart failure(when heart is unable to pump sufficient blood) patients for more than 35 years. 

As the number of patients suffering from heart disease has increased over the years, so too has the need for heart transplants. Unfortunately, the global supply of donor hearts remains limited, and not everyone who needs a heart transplant will receive a matching donor heart in time.

Recognizing the need for an effective and immediately available alternative to a donor heart, surgeons, medical researchers and inventors began developing early versions of total artificial hearts during the first half of the 20th century.

There have been 13 artificial heart designs used in patients, but only one has received commercial approval from the FDA.

Since the first patient implant in 1969, medical teams across the globe have developed 13 different artificial heart designs that have been used in patients. Many of these designs were initially intended to be permanent solutions. However, the majority have been used as temporary measures to keep a patient alive until a matching donor heart becomes available, known as a bridge to transplant, that's the importance an artificial heart has. 

As per the survey, a patient survived a maximum of 4.5 years on artificial heart. 

Click here to Connect with me on YouTube